Use words like "respectively" or "in order" to clarify each statistic mentioned in text and their referent. When your data are reported in a table or figure, you do not need to repeat each number in the text, but you should mention the table or figure in the text when discussing the statistics and emphasize in-text key data points that help interpret your findings. When your data are multilevel, you should include summary statistics for each level, depending on the kind of analysis performed. The purpose of reporting statistics is usually to help readers confirm your findings and analyses as such, the degree of specificity in reporting results should follow in line with that purpose. If the statistic or expression is new, rare, integral to the paper, or used in an unconventional way, provide a reference or formula. When discussing statistics in common use, you do not need to provide a reference or formula. exact p values (can be reported to two or three places when p is less than.Some more specific guidelines for particular values are listed below. Readers can more easily understand numbers with fewer decimal places reported, and generally APA recommends rounding to two decimal places (and rescaling data if necessary to achieve this). 042)ĪPA's general principle for rounding decimals in experimental results is as follows, quoted here for accuracy: "Round as much as possible while considering prospective use and statistical precision" (7th edition manual, p. If the statistic cannot be greater than 1, do not use a leading 0 (p =.If the statistic can be greater than 1, use a leading 0 (0.24 in).This choice is based on the maximum possible amount of the statistic: In numbers less than 1, writers may include a leading 0 before the decimal point or not. You may use a superscript or not (1 st, 1 st ), but you should maintain the same usage throughout your paper. Treat ordinal numbers (3rd, fourth) the same way as other numbers, using the guidelines above. Clarity for readers is always the most important consideration. When numbers are written next to each other in a sentence, one strategy to help readers parse the sentence is to combine words and numerals (3 two-year-old owls, four 3-step plans), but rewording to separate the numbers may be the best choice for clarity in some cases. a number that is part of a common phrase (Noble Eightfold Path).a number that is a common fraction (one half, two thirds).a number that starts a sentence, heading, or title (though this should be avoided).a number from 0-9 anywhere in the paper, except the specific cases above.Spell the number out in words in these cases: a number indicating a place in a series or a part of a book/table, if the number is after a noun (i.e., Item 4, but words are used in cases like "the fourth item").a number denoting: time, a date, an age, a point on a scale, an exact amount of money, or a numeral (the 3 key on your keyboard, 7 years old, a 5 on the test).a number denoting: mathematical functions, fractions, decimals, percentages, ratios, percentiles (2:1 ratio, 5%).a number right before a unit of measurement (3 m, 24 g).a number 10 or higher anywhere in the paper.Do not add apostrophes when writing a plural of a number (the 2000s, the 70s).In numbers greater than 1,000, use commas to separate groups of three digits except in page numbers, binary code, serial numbers, temperatures, acoustic frequencies, and degrees of freedom.You should use Arabic numerals (1, 7) instead of Roman numerals (II, XI) unless the Roman numerals are part of established terminology in your field.Generally, you can spell out numbers below 10 in words (seven, three), and use numerals for anything 10 and higher (10, 42). These guidelines, however, are not exhaustive and writers may need to evaluate particular instances of numbers in their own writing to determine if the guideline applies or if an exception should be made for clarity. APA 7 contains detailed guidelines for how to write numbers and statistics, and the most common are listed below. Writers often need to discuss numbers and statistics in their manuscripts, and it can be a challenge to determine how to represent these in the most readable way. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)Ĭopyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University.Writing Letters of Recommendation for Students.
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